A sinkhole in Jingmen, Hubei province, is one of at least 33 incidents of surface subsidence in the city, which cover a total area of 380,000 square meters, according to the local government. Xiong Bo / for China Daily

Yang Lixiang has been lucky to survive two that opened up at her farm this summer.

"I was picking cotton and suddenly the ground just broke up - I fell into the crack, head to toe," she said, recalling an incident on Aug 20. "Luckily, I was able to grab a cotton stalk and pull myself to safety."

Three days later, a second sinkhole reduced her home to rubble, with Yang and her husband inside, showering them with bricks.

Yang's farm now contains a crevice 200 meters in diameter and 19 meters deep, and the couple are living in a school in a neighboring county.

The couple's experience is not an isolated one. The village of Xinqiao, on the outskirts of Jingmen, Hubei province, has experienced many such cases of subsidence in recent years, attributed by experts to gypsum mining in the area.

At least 33 incidents of surface subsidence, covering a total area of 380,000 square meters, have occurred due to gypsum mining in Jingmen in the past three years, according to the local government.

The city's downtown Dongbao district, which is rich in gypsum deposits, has been particularly affected. Gypsum - a mineral used to make plaster and fertilizer, among other things - has been mined intensively, and has been a major contributor to the local economy. However, since 2008, when the first sinkholes began to appear, locals say they have lived in fear of being swallowed by the ground.

Among them is Ye Guangxiang, who said her family has slept in a makeshift tent outside since 2008. The nearest sinkhole was just 75 meters from her home.

"Every night my 4-year-old grandson cries because he worries about the subsidence," she said, adding that her son and daughter-in-law work away from home.

The road between Xinqiao and Zengmiao looks like it has been struck by a violent earthquake. A 1-meter crevice runs through it, while many of the surrounding hills have been turned into depressions and houses have collapsed.

Mining practices

Gypsum mining in the area dates back to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), although large-scale mine construction did not begin until 1970.

According to Jingmen's land resources bureau, the practice presents a danger when mining companies fail to fill mines with rubble once they have been closed. While in use, mines are supported by the so-called room-and-pillar method, by which a certain layer of gypsum is left in place to act as a roof supported by pillars.

However, once a mine falls into disuse, it fills with water, which can weaken the supporting pillars, leaving the mine susceptible to collapse.

China Daily visited a working mine about 110 meters underground in Macheng, a town in Duodao, to see the room-and-pillar method in action.