Challenges, constraints

These institutions also face significant challenges.

One key issue is the shortage of "dual-qualified" instructors — teachers who combine academic knowledge with hands-on industry experience. While many institutions recruit skilled practitioners, they often require further training in teaching methods and curriculum development.

Experts also warn against superficial collaboration between schools and enterprises.

"If integration remains at the level of formal agreements without deep engagement, it will not meet the needs of industrial upgrading," Li said.

Cai noted that rapid expansion could lead to homogenization, weakening institutional identity. Public perceptions of certain industries may also affect student recruitment.

"Long-term success depends on depth, not hype," he said.

Despite these challenges, the changes have strong potential.

"With increasing specialization in the workforce, integrating education with industry is a clear direction," Li said.

Applications are already expanding into sectors such as modern agriculture, intelligent manufacturing, digital commerce, and eldercare.

At its core, the model creates a feedback loop: education responds to industry demand, industry shapes educational content, and students bridge the two.

"We will build a vocational education system that integrates general and vocational pathways and further strengthens industry–education integration," Xiong, the vice-minister of education, said. "This will continuously cultivate master craftsmen, skilled artisans, and high-level technical professionals to support China's modernization drive."

Zhu Youfang in Changsha contributed to this story.

Contact the writers at hechun@chinadaily.com.cn