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CULTURE

CULTURE

Rule and letters on the frontier

An exhibition follows Lijiang's Mu family, showing how border leadership shaped a shared national story, Yang Feiyue reports.

By Yang Feiyue????|????China Daily????|???? Updated: 2026-04-10 06:51

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Naxi ethnic costumes are among the highlights of Enduring Legacy of Harmony and Beauty: Exhibition on the History and Culture of the Mufu Mansion in Lijiang in Beijing, which traces the rise of the Mu family, hereditary rulers of the Naxi people and the society they shaped over nearly five centuries. CHINA DAILY

In a softly lit gallery inside Prince Kung's Palace Museum, a thin, timeworn manuscript lies open beneath glass. Its pages, slightly curled at the edges, carry rows of carefully brushed characters — names, dates and lines of descent that stretch across centuries.

At first glance, it appears to be a family genealogy. Look closer, and it reveals something larger: a record of frontier governance, cultural exchange, and the gradual weaving of a regional story into a national narrative.

This document, known as the Mu Genealogy, anchors Enduring Legacy of Harmony and Beauty: Exhibition on the History and Culture of the Mufu Mansion in Lijiang. The exhibition brings the history of Lijiang, Southwest China's Yunnan province, to the capital.

More than 70 objects and documents, drawn from 10 museums and libraries across Beijing and Yunnan, trace the rise of the Mu family, hereditary rulers of the Naxi people, and the society they shaped over nearly five centuries.

Jointly organized by the museum and the Lijiang municipal government, the exhibition marks the first large-scale, systematic presentation in Beijing dedicated to the Mufu Mansion and Mu chieftains.

"This is the first time that such a wide range of artifacts and archival materials related to the Mu chieftains and the Mufu Mansion have been brought together in a systematic way," says Zhang Ai, director of the Prince Kung's Palace Museum's exhibition department. "Together, they allow us to present a fuller picture of their history and cultural legacy."

In 1382, as the founding forces of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) consolidated control over Yunnan, a Naxi leader named Ajia Ade pledged allegiance to the Ming court. He was granted the surname Mu by Ming emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. His descendants would go on to govern Lijiang for generations as hereditary officials.

The exhibition opens with imperial documents that illuminate this relationship. Among them are two versions of the Huang Ming Enlun Lu, a collection of edicts praising successive Mu chieftains for maintaining stability and loyalty along the frontier.

"These documents record the imperial court's recognition of the Mu family's role in safeguarding the border and promoting harmony," Zhang explains.

"They show how the central government and local rulers worked in tandem," she adds.

Alongside these records, the genealogy manuscript traces 18 generations of the Mu lineage across more than three centuries until the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) replaced hereditary chieftains with centrally appointed officials.

For curators, the pairing of official records and family archives reveals a governing model rooted in alignment. The Mu chieftains were not isolated regional rulers, but active participants in a wider political and cultural system.

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